Douglas Walton
（2005年2月刊行，The University of Alabama Press，Tuscaloosa, ISBN:0817314415）
【目次】
Acknowledgments
Introduction1 Abductive, Presumptive, and Plausible Arguments
Abductive Inference
Peirce on the Three Types of Reasoning
Peirce on the Form of Abductive Inference
Scientific Discovery and Artificial Intelligence
Abductive Inference in Legal Evidence
Defeasible, Plausible, and Presumptive Reasoning
Tentative Definitions
Argumentation Schemes
Araucaria as a Tool for Argument Diagramming2 A Dialogue Model of Explanation
Types of Explanation
Models of Scientific Explanation
Stimulation, Understanding, and Making Sense
Scripts, Anchored Narratives, and Implicatures
The Dialogue Model of Explanation
The Speech Act of Explanation
Dialogue Models of Scientific Argumentation and Explanation
Examination Dialogue and Shared Understanding
Dialectical Shifts and Embeddings3 A Procedural Model of Rationality
Computational Dialectics
Reasoning as Chaining of Inferences
Forward and Backward Chaining Rule-Based Systems in Artificial Intelligence
The Problem of Enthymemes
Multiagent Practical Reasoning
Bounded Rationality4 Defeasible Modus Ponens Arguments
A Typical Case of Abductive Reasoning in Evidence Law
Argumentation from Consequences
Defeasible Inferences and Modus Ponens
Conditionals and Generalizations
Abductive Inference in Medical Diagnosis
Introducing Defeasible Modus Ponens
Using Defeasible Modus Ponens as an Argumentation Scheme5 Abductive Causal Reasoning
Necessary and Sufficient Conditions
Forms of Causal Argumentation
Argument from Correlation to Cause
Abductive Causal Reasoning in Law
Causal Abduction in Medical Examination and Diagnosis
Causal Reasoning as Dynamic Improvement of a Hypothesis
The Thesis that Causal Reasoning Is Abductive
Causal Explanations
The Chain of Reasoning in the Accident Case
Insights into Causal Argumentation Yielded by the Abductive Theory6 Query-Driven Abductive Reasoning
Argument Extrapolation by Chaining Forward
Colligation in Chaining Backward
The Form of Abductive Inference Revisited
Belief-Desire-Intention and Commitment Models
The Abductive Profile of Dialogue
Abduction as a Query-Driven Process
Discovery as an Open Process
Retraction of Commitment
The Four Phases of Abductive Reasoning7 Unsolved Problems of Abduction
Abduction and Argumentation Schemes
Enthymemes, Argumentation Schemes, and the Defeasible Modus Ponens Form of Reasoning
The Role of Examination in Science
Accounts and Explanations
The Problem of Inconsistency
How Abductive Reasoning Moves Forward by Examining Competing Accounts
Question-Answering and Critiquing Systems in Artificial Intelligence
Summary of Abduction as a HeuristicNotes
References
Index
