David M. Williams and Malte C. Ebach
（2008年1月刊行，Springer-Verlag, New York, xviii+309 pp., ISBN:978-0-387-72728-8 → 版元ページ｜コンパニオン・ブログ）
【目次】
Foreword (Gareth Nelson) vii
Prologue ix
Acknowledgments xi1. Introduction - Systematics, Evolution and Classification 1
1.1 The Evolution of “Cladistics” 2
1.1.1 What Is Cladistics? 2
1.1.2 What Is Cladistics - Again? 6
1.2 Cladistic Analysis 9
1.2.1 Cladograms and Trees 9
1.2.2 Cladograms and Evidence 12
1.3 Cladistic Classification 14
1.3.1 Cladistic Classification and Phylogeny 14
1.3.2 Cladistic Classification and the Perils of Paraphyly 17
1.4 Overview 182. Systematics as Problem-Solving 21
2.1 The Problem 21
2.2 The Solurions 21
2.3 Discovering Solutions 243. The Archetype 28
3.1 The Dynamic Organism: Bildung 28
3.2 The Beginning of Comparative Biology: Goethe's Archetype 29
3.3 Visualizing the Archetype 30
3.4 Metamorphosis 32
3.5 Urhomologie 33
3.6 Relating the Ideal Organism 34
3.7 Transformation and Goethe's Archetype 354. Ernst Haeckel and Systematische Phylogenie 37
4.1 Ernst Haeckel and Darwin 37
4.2 Haeckel's Genealogical Oaks and Stick “Trees” 38
4.3 Heinrich Georg Bronn: Trunks and Twigs 39
4.4 Schleicher, Lingustics & Trees 45
4.5 Haeckel and Palaeontological Truth 475. The German Development of Morphology: From Ernst Haeckel to Willi Hennig 53
5.1 Post-Haeckelian Systematics 53
5.2 After Haeckel: Spemann and Homology 55
5.3 Adolf Naef and “Systematische Morphologie”（Systematic Morphology） 56
5.4 Konrad Lorenz, Homology, and Systematics 63
5.5 Willi Hennig and the Resurrection of Transformation Systematics 64
5.6 A Postscript on Naef's Criteria: Patterson's Homology Testing 67
5.6.1 The Similarity Test 69
5.6.2 The Complement Relation 72
5.6.3 Two Homologies 74
5.6.4 The Conjunction Test 76
5.6.5 The Congruence Test 78
5.6.6 Rejection of Patterson's Tests 806. Pattern Cladistics 82
6.1 Preamble 86
6.2 Discovering Léon Croizat 87
6.3 Erik Stensiö, Vertebrate Palaeontology, and the Birth of Cladistics 89
6.4 Lars Brundin, Vertebrate Palaeontology, and the Growth of Cladistics 93
6.5 Lars Brundin and Léon Croizat: Conflict over Origins 95
6.6 The London Reaction: A Salmon, a Lungfish, a Cow, and the Vertebrate Palaeontologists 96
6.6.1 Two Schools and Extinct Fishes 98
6.6.2 A Salmon, a Lungfish, a Cow, and Some Vertebrate Palaeontologists 100
6.6.3 Exhibitions and Cladistics 102
6.6.4 Mammals and More “Dinosaur” Cladistics 103
6.6.5 Creationism, Marxism, Gradualism 106
6.6.6 Halstead and Evolution 107
6.6.7 More Creationism 111
6.6.8 Karl Popper and Cladistics 112
6.6.9 Even More Creationists: “Remember, Remember the 5th of November, Gunpowder, Treason and Plot ...” 113
6.7 The Beginnings in New York: Fossils and Reform 117
6.8 New York Collaborations: Distributions and Historical Biogeography 119
6.9 The Two Cladistics 122
6.10 Overview 1237. Homologues and Homology 126
7.1 The Search of the Unit of Classification 126
7.2 Homologues and Analogues 131
7.3 Homology and Analogy 131
7.4 Homology 133
7.5 Homotype 134
7.6 Analogy 135
7.7 The Conceptual Split: Owen's Archetype and the Path to Transformation 136
7.8 Parts and Their Meaning 1378. Discovering Homologues 139
8.1 Homologues and Criteria 139
8.2 Homologues and Phenetics 141
8.3 Homologues and Cladistics 146
8.4 The Data Matrix 149
8.4.1 The Matrix: A Short Historical Digression 1529. Homology and Systematics 155
9.1 Natural Systems, Affinity, and Analogy 155
9.2 William Sharp MacLeay and “Affinity” and “Analogy” 155
9.3 The Horae Entomologicae (MacLeay 1819-1821) and After 158
9.4 Westwood's Affinity and Analogy 160
9.5 Strickland's Affinity and Analogy 161
9.6 Owen and Strickland on Homology and Analogy 162
9.7 Homology and Relationship 163
9.8 Homology, Analogy, Parts, and Wholes 16510. Homology and Transformation 168
10.1 The Process of Change 168
10.2 Material Transformation 169
10.2.1 Phylogenetic (Historical) Transformation 169
10.2.2 Ontogenetic Transformation 171
10.2.3 Material Transformation and the Conflict of Causes 173
10.3 Logical Transformation 174
10.4 Genealogical Causes 175
10.5 Transformation Revisited 17711. Character Conflict 184
11.1 The Problem of Conflict 184
11.2 Cladistic Analysis 187
11.2.1 Parsimony 187
11.2.2 Strength of Evidence 188
11.2.3 Contradictory Evidence 188
11.2.4 Strength of Evidence and Contradictory Evidence 190
11.2.5 “Computerised” parsimony 191
11.2.6 Partial Charcters 191
11.2.7 Informative Symplesiomorphy 192
11.2.8 Resolving Conflict 193
11.3 The Data-Matrix — Again: Component Characters 194
11.3.1 Compatibility 195
11.3.2 Component Analysis (Nelson 1979, Nelson & Platnick 1981) 198
11.3.3 General Component Analysis (Nelson 1979, Nelson & Platnick 1981: 305-323, Page 1989b: 177-180) 199
11.3.4 Patterson's Congruent Characters (1980a, 1982a, 1988a, b) 201
11.3.5 Consistent and Congruent Characters (Scotland 1992, 1997, Kitching et al. 1998) 203
11.3.6 Comparison 203
11.3.7 Component Solutions: Paralogy 204
11.3.8 Components and Equivalents 204
11.3.9 Components as Data 206
11.4 Augumented Component Analysis 207
11.4.1 The Meaning of Statements of Relationship 20812. The Analyses of Relationships 210
12.1 Three-Item Data 210
12.2 The Relationship Between Three-Item Statements and Binary Characters 213
12.3 The Relationship Between Three-Item Statements and Multi-State Characters 213
12.4 Cladogram Length and Three-Item Statements 213
12.5 Information Measures: How Good Is a Three-Item Cladogram? 213
12.6 Minimal Trees 213
12.7 Explanations 216
12.8 “Reversals” 216
12.9 Alternatives to Simulation 217
12.9.1 “Nullius in Verba” (Nelson 1996): Outgroups, Polarity, and Data 220
12.9.2 Precision and Simple Matrices (Platnick et al. 1996) 224
12.9.3 Comparison of Cladograms and Single Non-Conflicting Characters 224
12.10 Summary 22713. Biogeographical Relationships, Evolution and Classification 228
13.1 Prelude 228
13.2 The Threefold Parallelism: Its Beginning 231
13.3 Haeckel's Hypothetische Skizze des monophyletischen Ursprungs und der Verbreitung der 12 Menschen-Species von Lemurien aus über die Erde and the Concept of Chorology 233
13.4 The Development of Chorology 236
13.5 Vicariance Versus Dispersal: Another “False War” 240
13.6 Origins 241
13.7 Realms, Regions, and Provinces 244
13.8 Agassiz's (1854) Geological Realms: The Natural Provinces of Mankind 246
13.9 Regions, Homology, and Relationships 249
13.10 Sclater, Huxley, and the Classification of Regions 249
13.11 Croizat's Radical Realms: Ocean Basin and Cladograms 251
13.12 The Threfold Parallelism: ... and Its End 253
13.13 Systematic Biogeography: The Rediscovery of Classification 254
13.13.1 Area Homology 255
13.13.2 Defining the Biotic Area: Biotic Morphology or Taxonomy 255
13.13.3 Towards Area Monophyly 255
13.13.4 Area Cladistics: Interpreting Area Monophyly 257
Epilogue 259
References 262
Index 305
