『Evolution』

情

D. J. Futuyma

（2005年，Sinauer Associates，ISBN:0878931872）


Douglas J. Futuyma の進化本新刊：これまでの「更新頻度」から推測して，Douglas J. Futuyma『Evolutionary Biology, Third Edition』（1998年, Sinauer Associates, ISBN:0878931899．※→版元ページ）の後継としての「第4版」がそろそろ出そうかなと思っていたら，今年はじめに が出た．

ただし，この本はいわば学部生向けの「アップデート？された短縮版」という位置づけみたいだ．版元ページを見ると「much shorter」なんて書いてあるが，それでも「543ページ」もあるわけで，『Evolutionary Biology』の「ほぼ840ページ」と比較すれば，たしかに「shorter」だけど，「much」かどうかは???　※学部で『Evolution』にどっぷりと浸かり，大学院では『Evolutionary Biology』を抱えて歩くというのが，正しい進化学徒の生活スタイル（ほんまか）．

というわけで，「お買い上げ」をクリックするのをまだためらっているのだが，やっぱり買っておいた方がいいかも．フツイマだし……．


【目次】


1. Evolutionary Biology

  • What Is Evolution?
  • Before Darwin
  • Charles Darwin
  • Darwin's Evolutionary Theory
  • Evolutionary Theories after Darwin
  • The Evolutionary Synthesis
    • Fundamental principles of evolution
  • Evolutionary Biology since the Synthesis
  • Philosophical Issues
  • Ethics, Religion, and Evolution
  • Evolution as Fact and Theory


2. The Tree of Life: Classification and Phylogeny

  • Classification
  • Inferring Phylogenetic History
    • Similarity and common ancestry
    • Complications in inferring phylogeny
    • The method of maximum parsimony
    • An example of phylogenetic analysis
    • Evaluating phylogenetic hypotheses
  • Molecular Clocks
  • Gene Trees
  • Difficulties in Phylogenetic Analysis
  • Hybridization and Horizontal Gene Transfer


3. Patterns of Evolution

  • Evolutionary History and Classification
  • Inferring the History of Character Evolution
  • Some Patterns of Evolutionary Change Inferred from Systematics
    • Most features of organisms have been modified from pre-existing features
    • Homoplasy is common
    • Rates of character evolution differ
    • Evolution is often gradual
    • Change in form is often correlated with change in function
    • Similarity between species changes throughout ontogeny
    • Development underlies some common patterns of morphological evolution
  • Phylogenetic Analysis Documents Evolutionary Trends
  • Many Clades Display Adaptive Radiation


4. Evolution in the Fossil Record

  • Some Geological Fundamentals
    • Rock formation
    • Plate tectonics
    • Geological time
    • The geological time scale
  • The Fossil Record
    • Evolutionary changes within species
    • Origins of higher taxa
  • The Hominin Fossil Record
  • Phylogeny and the Fossil Record
  • Evolutionary Trends
  • Punctuated Equilibria
  • Rates of Evolution


5. A History of Life on Earth

  • Before Life Began
  • The Emergence of Life
  • Precambrian Life
    • Prokaryotes
    • Eukaryotes
    • Proterozoic life
  • Paleozoic Life: The Cambrian Explosion
  • Paleozoic Life: Ordovician to Devonian
    • Marine life
    • Terrestrial life
  • Paleozoic Life: Carboniferous and Permian
    • Terrestrial life
    • Aquatic life
  • Mesozoic Life
    • Marine life
    • Terrestrial plants and arthropods
    • Vertebrates
  • The Cenozoic Era
    • Aquatic life
    • Terrestrial life
    • The adaptive radiation of mammals
    • Pleistocene events


6. The Geography of Evolution

  • Biogeographic Evidence for Evolution
  • Major Patterns of Distribution
  • Historical Factors Affecting Geographic Distributions
  • Testing Hypotheses in Historical Biogeography
    • Examples of historical biogeographic analyses
    • The composition of regional biotas
  • Phylogeography
  • Ecological Approaches to Biogeography
    • The theory of island biogeography
    • Structure and diversity in ecological communities
    • Community convergence
  • Effects of History on Contemporary Diversity Patterns


7. The Evolution of Biodiversity

  • Estimating Changes in Taxonomic Diversity
    • Estimates of diversity
    • Rates
  • Taxonomic Diversity through the Phanerozoic
    • Rates of origination and extinction
    • Causes of extinction
    • Declining extinction rates
    • Mass extinctions
    • Origination and diversification
    • The role of environmental change
  • The Future of Biodiversity


8. The Origin of Genetic Variation

  • Genes and Genomes
  • Gene Mutations
    • Kinds of mutations
    • Examples of mutations
    • Rates of mutation
    • Phenotypic effects of mutations
    • Effects of mutations on fitness
    • The limits of mutation
  • Mutation as a Random Process
  • Recombination and Variation
  • Alterations of the Karyotype
    • Polyploidy
    • Chromosome rearrangements


9. Variation

  • Distinguishing Sources of Phenotypic Variation
  • Fundamental Principles of Genetic Variation in Populations
    • Frequencies of alleles and genotypes: The Hardy-Weinberg principle
    • An example: The human MN locus
    • The significance of the Hardy-Weinberg principle: Factors in evolution
    • Frequencies of alleles, genotypes, and phenotypes
    • Inbreeding
  • Genetic Variation in Natural Populations
    • Polymorphism
    • Genetic variation in viability
    • Inbreeding depression
    • Genetic variation in proteins
    • Variation at the DNA level
    • Multiple loci and the effects of linkage
    • Variation in quantitative traits
  • Variation among Populations
    • Patterns of geographic variation
    • Adaptive geographic variation
    • Gene flow
    • Allele frequency differences among populations
    • Geographic variation among humans


10. Genetic Drift: Evolution at Random

  • The Theory of Genetic Drift
    • Genetic drift as sampling error
    • Coalescence
    • Random fluctuations in allele frequencies
  • Evolution by Genetic Drift
    • Effective population size
    • Founder effects
    • Genetic drift in real populations
  • The Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution
    • Principles of the neutral theory
    • Variation within and among species
    • Do comparisons among species support the neutral theory?
  • Gene Flow and Genetic Drift
    • Gene trees and population history
    • The origin of modern Homo sapiens revisited


11. Natural Selection and Adaptation

  • Adaptations in Action: Some Examples
  • The Nature of Natural Selection
    • Design and mechanism
    • Definitions of natural selection
    • Natural selection and chance
    • Selection of and selection for
  • Experimental Studies of Natural Selection
    • Bacterial populations
    • Inversion polymorphism in Drosophila
    • Male reproductive success
    • Population size in flour beetles
    • Selfish genetic elements
  • Levels of Selection
    • Selection of organisms and groups
    • Species selection
  • The Nature of Adaptations
    • Definitions of adaptation
    • Recognizing adaptations
  • What Not to Expect of Natural Selection and Adaptation
    • The necessity of adaptation
    • Perfection
    • Progress
    • Harmony and the balance of nature
    • Morality and ethics


12. The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection

  • Fitness
    • Modes of selection
    • Defining fitness
    • Components of fitness
  • Models of Selection
    • Directional selection
    • Deleterious alleles in natural populations
  • Polymorphism Maintained by Balancing Selection
    • Heterozygote advantage
    • Antagonistic and varying selection
    • Frequency-dependent selection
  • Multiple Outcomes of Evolutionary Change
    • Positive frequency-dependent selection
    • Heterozygote disadvantage
    • Adaptive landscapes
    • Interaction of selection and genetic drift
  • Molecular Signatures of Natural Selection
    • Theoretical expectations
    • Examples
  • The Strength of Natural Selection


13. Evolution of Phenotypic Traits

  • Evolution Observed
  • Components of Phenotypic Variation
  • How Polygenic are Polygenic Characters?
  • Linkage Disequilibrium
  • Evolution of Quantitative Characters
    • Genetic variance in natural populations
    • Response to selection
    • Responses to artificial selection
  • Selection in Natural Populations
    • Measuring natural selection on quantitative characters
    • Examples of selection on quantitative characters
  • A Neutral Model of the Evolution of Quantitative Characters
  • What Maintains Genetic Variation in Quantitative Characters?
  • Correlated Evolution of Quantitative Traits
    • Correlated selection
    • Genetic correlation
    • Examples of genetic correlation
    • How genetic correlation affects evolution
  • Can Genetics Predict Long-Term Evolution?
  • Norms of Reaction
    • Phenotypic plasticity
    • Canalization
    • Evolution of variability


14. Conflict and Cooperation

  • A Framework for Conflict and Cooperation
    • Levels of organization
    • Inclusive fitness and kin selection
    • Frequency-dependent selection on interactions
    • Evolutionarily stable strategies
  • Sexual Selection
    • The concept of sexual selection
    • Contests between males and between sperm
    • Sexual selection by mate choice
    • Direct benefits of mate choice
    • Sensory bias
    • Indirect benefits of mate choice
    • Antagonistic coevolution
  • Social Interactions and the Evolution of Cooperation
    • Theories of cooperation and altruism
    • Interactions among related individuals
  • A Genetic Battleground: The Nuclear Family
    • Mating systems and parental care
    • Infanticide, abortion, and siblicide
    • Parent-offspring conflict
  • Genetic Conflicts
    • Parasitism, mutualism, and the evolution of individuals


15. Species

  • What Are Species?
    • Phylogenetic species concepts
    • The biological species concept
    • Domain and application of the biological species concept
    • When species concepts conflict
  • Barriers to Gene Flow
    • Premating barriers
    • Postmating, prezygotic barriers
    • Postzygotic barriers
  • How Species Are Diagnosed
  • Differences among Species
  • The Genetic Basis of Reproductive Barriers
    • Genes affecting reproductive isolation
    • Functions of genes that cause reproductive isolation
    • Chromosome differences and postzygotic isolation
    • Cytoplasmic incompatibility
    • The significance of genetic studies of reproductive isolation
  • Molecular Divergence among Species
  • Hybridization
    • Primary and secondary hybrid zones
    • Genetic dynamics in a hybrid zone
    • The fate of hybrid zones


16. Speciation

  • Modes of Speciation
  • Allopatric Speciation
    • Evidence for allopatric speciation
    • Mechanisms of vicariant allopatric speciation
    • Ecological selection and speciation
    • Sexual selection and speciation
    • Reinforcement of reproductive isolation
    • Peripatric speciation
  • Alternatives to Allopatric Speciation
    • Parapatric speciation
    • Sympatric speciation
  • Polyploidy and Recombinational Speciation
    • Polyploidy
    • Recombinational speciation
  • How Fast Is Speciation?
  • Consequences of Speciation


17. How to Be Fit: Reproductive Success

  • Individual Selection and Group Selection
  • Life History Evolution
  • The Theory of Life History Evolution
    • Life span and senescence
    • Age schedules of reproduction
    • Number and size of offspring
    • The evolution of the rate of increase
    • Male reproductive success
  • Modes of Reproduction
    • The evolution of mutation rates
    • Sexual and asexual reproduction
    • The problem with sex
    • Hypotheses for the advantage of sex and recombination
  • Sex Ratios, Sex Allocation, and Sex Determination
    • The evolution of sex ratios
    • Sex allocation, hermaphroditism, and dioecy
  • Inbreeding and Outcrossing
    • Advantages of inbreeding and outcrossing


18. Coevolution: Evolving Interactions among Species

  • The Nature of Coevolution
  • Phylogenetic Aspects of Species Associations
  • Coevolution of Enemies and Victims
    • Models of enemy-victim coevolution
    • Examples of predator-prey coevolution
    • Infectious disease and the evolution of parasite virulence
  • Mutualisms
  • The Evolution of Competitive Interactions
    • Community patterns
    • Multispecies interactions


19. Evolution of Genes and Genomes

  • Evolution of Genes and Proteins
    • Adaptive evolution and neutrality
    • Sequence evolution under purifying and positive selection
    • Adaptive molecular evolution in primates
    • Adaptive evolution across the genome
  • Genome Diversity and Evolution
    • Diversity of genome structure
    • Viral and microbial genomes: The smallest genomes
    • The C-value paradox
    • Repetitive sequences and transposable elements
  • The Origin of New Genes
    • Lateral gene transfer
    • Exon shuffling
    • Gene chimerism and processed pseudogenes
    • Motif multiplication and exon loss
    • Gene duplication and multigene families
  • Phylogenetic and Adaptive Diversification in Multigene Families
    • Gene conversion
    • Phylogenetic patterns following gene duplication
    • Selective fates of recently duplicated loci
    • Rates of gene duplication


20. Evolution and Development

  • Hox Genes and the Dawn of Modern EDB
  • Types of Evidence in Contemporary EDB
  • The Evolving Concept of Homology
  • Evolutionarily Conserved Developmental Pathways
  • The Evolution of Gene Regulation: The Keystone of Developmental Evolution
    • Modularity in morphological evolution
    • Co-option and the evolution of novel characters
    • The developmental genetics of heterochrony
    • The evolution of allometry
  • Developmental Constraints and Morphological Evolution
  • The Developmental Genetic Basis of Short-Term Morphological Evolution
  • The Molecular Genetic Basis of Gene Regulatory Evolution
  • Toward the EDB of Homo sapiens


21. Macroevolution: Evolution above the Species Level

  • Rates of Evolution
    • Rates of character evolution
    • Punctuated equilibrium, revisited
    • Stasis
  • Gradualism and Saltation
  • Phylogenetic Conservatism and Change
    • Stabilizing selection
    • Limitations on variation
  • The Evolution of Novelty
    • Accounting for incipient and novel features
    • Complex characteristics
  • Trends and Progress
    • Trends: Kinds and causes
    • Examples of trends
    • Are there major trends in the history of life?
    • The question of progress


22. Evolutionary Science, Creationism, and Society

  • Creationists and Other Skeptics
  • Science, Belief, and Education
  • The Evidence for Evolution
    • The fossil record
    • Phylogenetic and comparative studies
    • Genes and genomes
    • Biogeography
    • Failures of the argument from design
    • Evolution and its mechanisms, observed
  • Refuting Creationist Arguments
    • On arguing for evolution
  • Why Should We Teach Evolution?
    • Health and medicine
    • Agriculture and natural resources
    • Environment and conservation
    • Understanding nature and humanity