Martin Mahner and Mario Bunge
（1997年，Springer-Verlag，ISBN:3540618384）
正直言って，この本は「気が重い」し，「荷が重い」．全編を通じての foundationalism（一種の公理化）の徹底は，ぼくにはとてもついていけないものを感じる．個人的にはいまこの本に深く関わる気持ちは湧いてこない．ぼくが二の足を踏む理由は，本書をブラウズして，Joseph H. Woodger や John R. Gregg に見られる“公理論的生物学”の香りを即座に感じ取ってしまったということ．この本が重要な文献としてたびたび参照されていることは知っているのだが．
なお，本書の邦訳が現在進められている．版元はシュプリンガー・ジャパン．翻訳者は小野山敬一さんだ．［2007年8月23日付記］
本書の書評（メモ）
- Paul E. Griffiths, Nature, 389: 250 (1997)
- Michael Ghiselin, Zoologica Scripta, 27: 83-84 (1998)
- Jason S. Robert, Biology and Philosophy, 15: 133-145 (2000)
【目次】
Preface
Acknowledgments
Part I Philosophical Fundamentals
1 Ontological Fundamentals
1.1 Metaphysics and Science
1.2 Thing and Construct
1.3 Properties
1.3.1 Properties Proper
1.3.2 Properties and Predicates
1.3.3 Generic and Individual Properties
1.3.4 Laws
1.4 State
1.4.1 State Function
1.4.2 State Space
1.4.3 Nomological State Space
1.5 Event, Process, and History
1.6 More on Things and Constructs
1.6.1 Materiality and Changeability
1.6.2 Ideality and Unchangeability
1.6.3 Spatiotemporality and Individuality
1.7 Wholes
1.7.1 Aggregate and System
1.7.2 The CES Analysis of Systems
1.7.3 Emergence
1.7.4 Assembly and Self-Organization
1.8 Fact
1.8.1 Objective Fact
1.8.2 Phenomenon
1.9 Causation
1.9.1 Broad (or Inflationary) Use of the Term 'Cause'
1.9.2 Causation as Energy Transfer
1.9.3 A State Space Approach to Causation
1.9.4 Causes and Reasons
1.9.5 Causation in Biology
1.10 Chance and Probability
1.10.1 Chance and Randomness
1.10.2 The Mathematical Theory of Probability and Its Interpretations
1.10.2.1 The Propensity Interpretation
1.10.2.2 Objections Against the Propensity Interpretation
1.10.2.3 The Logical Interpretation
1.10.2.4 The Subjectivist Interpretation
1.10.2.5 The Frequency Interpretation
1.10.2.6 Conclusion
1.11 Upshot
2 Semantical and Logical Fundamentals
2.1 Concept and Proposition
2.2 Extension and Reference
2.3 Meaning
2.4 Logic
3 Epistemological Fundamentals
3.1 Cognition and Knowledge
3.1.1 Cognition
3.1.2 Knowledge
3.1.3 "Knowledge in Itself"
3.1.4 Kinds of Knowledge
3.1.5 Knowledge and Belief
3.2 Perception and Observation
3.2.1 Perception
3.2.2 Phenomenalism Versus Realism
3.2.3 Observation
3.2.4 Datum
3.3 Inquiry
3.3.1 Intuition
3.3.2 Method
3.4 Hypothesis
3.4.1 Conjecture and Hypothesis
3.4.2 The Generation of Hypotheses
3.4.3 Scope and Depth of Hypotheses
3.4.4 The Methodological Status of Hypotheses
3.5 Theory and Model
3.5.1 The Structure or Syntax of Theories
3.5.2 The Semantics of Theories: Population Growth Theory
3.5.3 Degrees of Abstraction, Generality, and Depth of Theories
3.5.3.1 Degrees of Abstraction
3.5.3.2 Degrees of Generality
3.5.3.3 Degrees of Depth
3.5.4 Formal and Factual Theories and Models
3.5.5 Theory Operationalization
3.5.6 The Neopositivist or "Received" View of Scientific Theories
3.5.7 Theories and Conventions
3.5.7.1 Definitions
3.5.7.2 Notational Conventions, Units, and Simplifying Assumptions
3.5.8 Theories and Laws (Law Statements)
3.6 Understanding
3.6.1 Explanation
3.6.1.1 Description
3.6.1.2 Subsumption
3.6.1.3 Explanation Proper
3.6.1.4 Kinds of Explanations
3.6.2 Prediction
3.6.3 Unification
3.6.3.1 Reduction
3.6.3.2 Reductionism
3.6.3.3 Integration
3.7 Test and Evidence
3.7.1 Some Methodological Principles
3.7.2 Evidence and Testability
3.7.3 Confirmation Versus Falsification
3.7.4 Empirical Operations
3.7.4.1 Measurement
3.7.4.2 Experiment
3.8 Truth and Truth Indicators
3.8.1 Truth
3.8.2 Truth Indicators
3.9 Upshot
Part II Fundamental Issues in Biophilosophy
4 Life
4.1 What is Life? -- A Philosophico-Scientific Problem
4.2 Biosystem
4.3 Elementary Biosystem, Composite Biosystem, and Organism
4.4 Artificial Life
4.5 Biospecies and Biopopulation
4.6 Biological Function and Biological Role
4.7 Biological Value
4.8 Adaptation
4.8.1 Eight Senses of 'Adaptation'
4.8.2 Aptation and Adaptation
4.8.3 Aptedness and Adaptedness
5 Ecology
5.1 Supraorganismic Entites
5.2 The Ontological Status of Communities and Ecosystems
5.3 Biolevels
5.4 Ecological Niche
5.5 The Scientific Status of Ecology
5.5.1 Basic Science
5.5.2 Ecology as a Basic Science
5.5.3 Foray: Chaos in Ecological Systems
5.5.4 Applied Science and Technology
5.5.5 Ecology: Basic, Applied, or Technological?
5.5.6 Ecology: An Autonomous Science?
6 Psychobiology
6.1 Successes of the Biological Approach to Psychology
6.2 The Mind-Body Problem
6.3 Mental States and Processes
6.4 Mind
6.4.1 Basic Concepts
6.4.2 Mind-Matter Interaction
6.4.3 Where is the Mind?
6.5 Consciousness
6.6 Intention
7 Systematics
7.1 Philosophies of Taxonomy
7.2 Conceptualism
7.2.1 Concept Formation
7.2.1.1 Discrimination
7.2.1.2 Commonalities: Equivalence and Similarity
7.2.1.3 Grouping
7.2.1.4 Set
7.2.1.5 Class
7.2.1.6 Kind
7.2.1.7 Natural Kind sensu lato
7.2.1.8 Species or Natural Kinds sensu stricto
7.2.1.9 Foray: The Psychobiology of Classing
7.2.2 Classification
7.2.2.1 Classification by Partitioning
7.2.2.2 General Principles of Classification
7.2.2.3 Basics of a Natural Biological Classification
7.2.2.4 Systematics and Evolutionary Theory
7.2.2.5 The Logical and Methodological Status of Classifications
7.2.2.6 Taxonomy, Classification, Systematics
7.2.2.7 Three Taxonomies: Cladistic, Evolutionary, and Phenetic Taxonomy
7.3 Bionominalism
7.3.1 Weak Binominalism
7.3.1.1 Species as Reproductive Communities
7.3.1.2 Species as Lineages of Ancestral-Descendant Populations
7.3.1.3 Species-as-Individuals and Classification
7.3.1.4 Species-as-Individuals and Laws
7.3.2 Strong Binominalism: Taxa-as-Individuals and Classification
7.3.3 Weak Binominalism and Some of Its Implications
7.3.4 Conclusion
8 Developmental Biology
8.1 What is Development?
8.1.1 Developmental Process and Development
8.1.2 Types of Developmental Processes
8.1.2.1 Morphogenesis
8.1.2.2 Differentiation
8.1.2.3 Growth
8.2 Preformationsism Versus Epigeneticism
8.2.1 Traditional Preformationism
8.2.2 Traditional Epigeneticism
8.2.3 Modern or Neopreformationism
8.2.3.1 Genetic Informationism
8.2.3.2 DNA: The Prime Mover of Development?
8.2.3.3 The Genotype-Phenotype Dichotomy
8.2.4 Modern or Neoepigeneticism
8.2.3.1 Developmental Structuralism
8.2.4.2 Developmental Constructionism
8.2.4.3 Epigenetic Synthesis
9 Evolutionary Theory
9.1 Evolution and Speciation
9.1.1 The Ontological Concept of Evolution
9.1.2 Speciation in Biology
9.1.3 Speciation Proper and Some of Its Consequences
9.2 The Theory of Natural Selection
9.2.1 Adaptedness and Fitness
9.2.2 Concepts of Selection
9.2.2.1 An Ontological Concept of Selection
9.2.2.2 Natural Selection
9.2.2.3 Natural Selection as a Mechanism of Populational Evolution
9.2.3 Units of Selection
9.2.3.1 What is a Unit of Selection?
9.2.3.2 Genes, Gametes, Cells, and Organisms
9.2.3.3 Groups or Populations
9.2.3.4 Species and Clades
9.2.3.5 Units of Descriptions
9.2.3.6 "Screening Off" and the Units of Selection
9.2.4 Conclusion
9.3 The Structure of Evolutionary Theory
9.3.1 What, If Anything, Is "Evolutionary Theory"?
9.3.2 What the Structure of Evolutionary Theory Is Not
9.3.2.1 The Structuralist (Suppes's) Conception of Scientific Theories
9.3.2.2 The "Semantic" View
9.3.2.3 The "Semantic" (Including Structuralist) View of Theories in Biology
9.3.2.4 Conclusion
9.3.3 The Actual Structure of Evolutionary Theory
9.3.4 Unification Through Entropyspeak and Infospeak?
9.3.5 Is Evolution an Algorithm?
9.3.6 The Methodological Status of Evolutionary Theory
10 Teleology
10.1 External and Internal Teleology
10.2 Teleonomy
10.2.1 Hemiteloeonomy
10.2.2 Panteloeonomy
10.2.2.1 Cybernetic Systems and Teleonomy
10.2.2.2 Programs as Goal-Conferring Entities?
10.2.2.3 Conclusion
11 Concluding Remarks
References
Name Index
Subject Index
