Barbara Gabriella Renzi and Giulio Napolitano
（2011年11月刊行, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Newcastle upon Tyne, xvi+137 pp., ISBN:9781443833547 [hbk] → 版元ページ）
【目次】
List of Figures and Tables ix
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xv
CHAPTER ONE: EVOLUTIONARY ANALOGY 1
1.1 Natural Selection 1
1.2 Evolutionary Epistemologies 4
1.3 Metaphor 8
Some history
Metaphor as a cognitive structure
How do metaphors work?
Type Hierarchies
CHAPTER TWO: EVOLUTIONARY ANALOGIES 21
2.1 Kuhn 21
Scientific development
Progress from: the evolutionary analogy in The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
Local and global progress
RSS: adaptation and niches
Ecological niches, localities and adaptation in evolutionary biology
Kuhn’s confusions
2.2 Campbell 39
Knowledge gain and the blind-variation-and-selective-retention
mechanism
How blind is knowledge gain?
Campbell’s intention
2.3 Toulmin 52
Explanation or metaphor?
Darwinian rationality
Environment
Ontological adequacy
CHAPTER THREE: A TYPE HIERARCHY FOR SELECTION PROCESSES 65
3.1 Type Hierarchies 66
Top-down or bottom-up?
3.2 Existing generalisations 67
Hull
Hull is not general enough
Darden and Cain
Darden and Cain are too general
3.3 Type hierarchy of selection processes 72
A provisional hierarchy
Mechanical Selection
Evolution
The complete Type Hierarchy
Intentionality and Artificial Selection
Cyber Selection
Drift
Immune system
3.4 The usual objections 82
Variation
Progress
3.5 The evaluative step 86
A brief note on ontological and pragmatic approaches
3.6 Conclusion 91
CHAPTER FOUR: SCIENCE AS A SPECIAL CASE OF SOCIOCULTURAL ENTITY 93
4.1 Direction and convergence in science 93
Replication
Interaction
Identity by descent
Convergent realism
4.2 Natural Selection and Sociocultural Selection 112
Science as a special case of sociocultural entity
The Orthogenetic Hypothesis
The Orthogenetic Analogy
4.3 Orthogenesis and scientific change 115
CONCLUSION 121
REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 123
INDEX 135
