『The Persistence Question of the Species Problem』

Yuichi Amitani

(2010年12月刊行, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, xi+213 pp. → pdf: Electronic Theses and Dissertations (ETDs) 2008+, UBC Library)

【目次】
Abstract ii
Table of Contents iv
List of Tables viii
List of Figures ix
Acknowledgments x


1: The Persistence Question of the Species Problem 1

1.1 Introduction 1
 1.1.1 The Importance of the Species Problem 2
 1.1.2 Landscape of the Species Problem: Historical Background 3
1.2 The Persistence Question 14
 1.2.1 Formulation of the Persistence Question 14
 1.2.2 Sub-Questions 15
 1.2.3 A Restriction on the Answer to the Species Problem and the Persistence Question 18
1.3 Extant Answers to the Persistence Question 19
 1.3.1 Essentialism vs. Graduality —— the Vagueness Account 19
 1.3.2 Other Accounts 22
1.4 Problems with Extant Views 25
 1.4.1 Vagueness Account 25
 1.4.2 Other Accounts 31
1.5 Outline of the Project 40


2: Sharing a Reference 45

2.1 Introduction —— How Can Biologists Do Their Business; How Can They Communicate? 45
2.2 Case Studies 47
 2.2.1 Strickland and Grey —— Natural History in the 19th Century England  47
 2.2.2 Darwin’s Strategy for ‘Species’ 52
2.3 Guy Bush and Sympatric Speciation 55
 2.3.1 Mayr on the Priority of Defining Species and Studying Speciation 57
 2.3.2 Coyne and Orr on the Priority of Defining Species and Studying Speciation 60
 2.3.3 Bush on the Priority of Defining Species and Studying Speciation 62
 2.3.4 Coyne & Orr and Bush on Rhagoletis pomonella 65
 2.3.5 Why Does Their Disagreement on the Priority Issue Not Affect the R. pomonella Case? 69
2.4 Conclusions 73
 2.4.1 The Incommensurability Problem and the Communication Breakdown 74


3: Dual-Process Theory and the Concept of Species 79

3.1 Introduction 79
3.2 Overview of the Dual-Process Theory 82
 3.2.1 The Basic Claim of Dual-Process Theory 82
 3.2.2 Characterization of the Two Systems 84
 3.2.3 Summary 88
3.3 Elusive Transparency 89
 3.3.1 Elusive Transparency 90
 3.3.2 Luckow and McDade’s Observation 92
3.4 Notion of ‘Good Species’ 95
 3.4.1 Survey from Taxacom 96
 3.4.2 Survey from Abstracts in Professional Journals 102
 3.4.3 ‘Good Species’: The Variety of Usages 110
3.5 Good Species and Dual-Process Theory 112
 3.5.1 Prototype Effects 112
 3.5.2 Prototype —— Exemplar or Clustered Properties? 116
 3.5.3 Good Species Is a Prototype of Species 119
 3.5.4 How Biologists Reason With the Help of Good Species —— Attribute Substitution 123
 3.5.5 Good Species Reasoning Involves System 1 Processing 126
 3.5.6 Summary 128
3.6 Psychological Essentialism 129
 3.6.1 Psychological Essentialism and itsWidespread Use in Taxonomy 130
 3.6.2 Is Psychological Essentialism Processed in System 2? 136
 3.6.3 Summary 144
3.7 Dual Processes in Inferences Concerning Species 145
 3.7.1 Good Species, Psychological Essentialism, and Elusive Transparency 145
 3.7.2 System 2 Reasoning: Definition-Centered Reasoning on Species 147


4 Answering the Persistence Question 152

4.1 Introduction 152
4.2 Why Do Biologists Believe They Need To Define ‘Species’? 154
 4.2.1 Question 6: Why Aren’t We Similarly Bothered By Analogous Issues, Such As the Nature of Life? 155
4.3 Why Does No Definition Command Universal Support? 157
 4.3.1 Argument from Interest-Relativity 158
 4.3.2 Argument from Interest-Relativity and the Vagueness Account 164
 4.3.3 Argument from Interest-Relativity and Species Pluralism 165
4.4 Study of Species and SpeciationWithout a Unanimously Accepted Solution 166
 4.4.1 Substitution and the Species Problem 167
 4.4.2 Reference-Sharing and Prototypical Reasoning 170
4.5 Conclusions and Summary 172


Bibliography 180



A: Further Description of the Dual-Process Theory 199

 A.1 Elaboration of “System”: Token or Type? 199
 A.2 Relationship Between Systems 1 and 2 200
 A.3 The Unity of Systems and Causal Mechanism Behind It 202
  A.3.1 The Unity of System 2 202
  A.3.2 Neurological Basis 203
 A.4 Transfer (Consolidation) 204

B: Sources Surveyed for Usages of ‘Good Species’ 205

 B.1 List of Entries Surveyed from the Taxacom Mailing List 205
 B.2 List of Papers Surveyed on ‘Good Species’ 207